Monday, June 5, 2006

Fascination for Napoleon / Fascination pour Napoléon

This new blog offering extends my current trend for the French Empire (no nostalgia here...) : after Josephine, the husband. Or, one might add: the ruler of many parts of Europe, and foremost, France, from 1804 to 1815. A very multifarious figure, Bonaparte was first a Corsican soldier in the Army. He managed to head the triumvirate ("Consulate") that ended the French Revolution and then took hold of power. His military campaigns were launched very quickly and his victories and defeats are far too famous to mention here. What is striking is his lasting influence: internationally, nationally and locally. First, his occupations stirred a national sentiment that culminated in the 1848 unrests across Europe and in the German unification (the first of its history, the second happening with the fall of the Berlin Wall) and the Italian unity, in 1870 and 1871. His Civil Code, inspired from Roman law, is still in in use in about eighty countries. Second, universities for all were instituted as well as the Jacobin distribution of power (i-e centralisation, via prefets at the head of departements, etc.) and the sacrosanct Baccalaureate. Locally, Paris would never be what it is now without Napoleon I and his nephew, Napoleon III. The Arc de Triomphe, the Arc of the Carrousel, the Ourcq canal, the rue de Rivoli, the Vendome column, the list is endless... He was the first to choose the Elysee Palace as the residence of the French rulers. His strategy was that of self-aggrandizement: a personality cult was started. His glorification, the aura he has and the fascination he still exerts were also due to King Louis-Philippe who decided to build the vault and excavate the Eglise du Dome at the Invalides, so as to bring back the body of the most famous of exiles.

Ce nouveau blog poursuit cette tendance (sans nostalgie aucune...) pour le Premier Empire. Après Joséphine, le mari. Ou plutôt, celui qui régna sur l'Europe et la France (1804-1815). Personnage aux différentes facettes, Bonaparte fut d'abord un soldat corse dans l'Armée. Il parvint au sommet du Consulat (triumvirat) qui présida la fin de la Révolution. Furent lancées très rapidement des campagnes militaires dont tout le monde se souvient. Ce qui frappe, c'est son influence durable, sur le plan international, national et local. Tout d'abord, ses occupations furent le catalyseur du "printemps des peuples" de 1848, qui culmina dans les unités allemande et italienne, en 1870 et 1871. Son Code civil sert encore de modèle dans plus de quatre-vingts pays aujourd'hui. Ensuite, l'université pour tous fut instituée ainsi que le sacro-saint Baccalauréat, sans oublier la conception jacobine (et centralisatrice) du pouvoir, avec la nomination des préfets. Localement, Paris ne serait pas ce qu'elle est sans Napoléon Ier et son neveu, Napoléon III. L'Arc de Triomphe, l'Arc du Carrousel, le canal de L'ourcq, la rue de Rivoli, la colonne Vendôme, la liste est sans fin... Il fut le premier qui fit du Palais de l'Elysée la residence de ceux qui gouvernaient la France. Sa stratégie était celle du rehaussement de son image: un culte de la personnalité avant l'heure était entamé. Sa glorification, l'aura qu'il a, et la fascination qu'il exerce furent aussi dues au roi Louis-Philippe, qui décida de construire le tombeau et de creuser la nef de l'Eglise du Dôme, aux Invalides, dans le but de rapatrier le corps du plus célèbre des exilés.
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